DAV University
Reviewed 7 Sept 2026· 20 sources
DAV University campusReviewed 7 Sept 2026DAV University · Jalandhar
JalandharEst. 2013

DAV University Fees 2026-27, Courses & Admission

DAV University is an university in Jalandhar, Punjab, established in 2013. DAV University is privately managed and self-financing. It is affiliated to DAV University. DAV University offers 12…

Overview

About DAV University

DAV University is an university in Jalandhar, Punjab, established in 2013. DAV University is privately managed and self-financing. It is affiliated to DAV University. DAV University offers 12 programmes, 10 at undergraduate level and 4 at postgraduate level. These include Engineering and Technology programmes, Sciences, Agricultural and Food Science and Technology, Computer Science and Applications and Commerce, Business Management and Economics, among others. DAV University is a Punjab state private university established under a Punjab legislative Act on 18 February 2013 and empowered under Section 22 of the UGC Act; the UGC state-private-university listing identifies it at Village Sarmastpur, Jalandhar. The latest official materials reviewed identify Prof. (Dr.) Manoj Kumar as Vice-Chancellor. The 2025 Self Study Report states 10 faculties, 21 departments, 59 programmes, 75 laboratories/workshops, more than 690 Scopus publications, 505 Web of Science-indexed publications, 8 granted patents, 9 published patents and more than Rs. Academic rules state a 75% attendance requirement, semester examinations and English as the medium of instruction and examination. It is a self-financed private university established under the DAV University Act, 2012 (Punjab Act No. 14 of 2013), with the Act effective from 25 October 2012 and UGC private-university notification dated 18 February 2013. The 2026-27 prospectus describes 65 programmes and 10 faculties.

Courses & costs

DAV University fees

Each amount is shown with the academic year and applicant category stated by its source.

Fees
ProgrammeYearAmount
B. Tech. - All Streams (ug)Total, first year · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 20000, 58700 and 71300; annual insurance Rs. 400 included. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,50,000first year total
B. Tech. - All Streams (Lateral Entry) (ug)Total, first year · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 20000, 58700 and 71300; annual insurance Rs. 400 included. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,50,000first year total
BTech (Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence) (ug)Total, first year · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 20000, 64200 and 76800; annual insurance Rs. 400 included. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,61,000first year total
M. Tech. -(All Streams) (pg)Total, first year · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 68700 and 71300; annual insurance Rs. 400 included. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,50,000first year total
Bachelor of Arts B. A. (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 15100 and 17700. Source2026-27₹42,800first year total
B. A. English (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 18700 and 21300. Source2026-27₹50,000first year total
B.A. Journalism & Mass Communication (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 26900 and 29500. Source2026-27₹66,400first year total
B.Sc. (Psychology) (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 31100 and 33700. Source2026-27₹74,800first year total
M.A. (English) (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 15900 and 18500. Source2026-27₹44,400first year total
M.A. (Psychology) (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 22500 and 25100. Source2026-27₹57,600first year total
Post Graduate Diploma in Guidance and Counseling (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 16600 and 19200. Source2026-27₹45,800first year total
B. Sc. (Hons.) - Agriculture (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 36700 and 39300. Source2026-27₹86,000first year total
M. Sc. - Agriculture (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 47400 and 50000. Source2026-27₹1,07,400first year total
B.A. B.Ed. (integrated)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 25900 and 28500. Source2026-27₹64,400first year total
B.Sc. B.Ed. (integrated)Total, first year · Total Fee Source2026-27₹74,800first year total
Bachelor of Physical Education (B P Ed.) (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · 5000 provided free. Source2026-27₹74,800first year total
Master of Physical Education (M P Ed.) (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee · 5000 provided free. Source2026-27₹94,400first year total
Post Graduate Diploma in Yoga (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 13600 and 16200. Source2026-27₹39,800first year total
BA. LL.B. (Hons.) (integrated)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 46100 and 48700. Source2026-27₹1,04,800first year total
BBA. LL.B. (Hons.) (integrated)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 53400 and 56000. Source2026-27₹1,19,400first year total
LL.M (Criminal and Security) (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 51900 and 54500. Source2026-27₹1,16,400first year total
BSc. - Mathematics (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 29000 and 31600. Source2026-27₹70,600first year total
B. Sc. - All Streams (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee Source2026-27₹74,800first year total
B. Sc. (Food Science & Technology) (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee Source2026-27₹86,000first year total
MSc. (Hons)- Mathematics (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee Source2026-27₹74,800first year total
M. Sc. (Hons.) - All Streams (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 32200 and 34800. Source2026-27₹77,000first year total
Master of Computer Applications (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 54000 and 56600. Source2026-27₹1,20,600first year total
MSc Computer Science (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee Source2026-27₹77,000first year total
Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee Source2026-27₹70,600first year total
B. Com (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 33000 and 35600. Source2026-27₹78,600first year total
B. Sc. - Economics (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 25400 and 28000. Source2026-27₹63,400first year total
BBA (Logistrics & Supply Chain Management) (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 38500 and 41100. Source2026-27₹89,600first year total
Master of Business Administration (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 20000, 63900 and 76500. Source2026-27₹1,60,400first year total
Master of Commerce (PG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 30100 and 32700. Source2026-27₹72,800first year total
Bachelor of Pharmacy (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 20000, 57400 and 70000. Source2026-27₹1,47,400first year total
Diploma in Pharmacy (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 30350 and 29450. Source2026-27₹69,800first year total
Bachelor of Medical Lab Technology (UG)Total, first year · Total Fee · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 45800 and 48400. Source2026-27₹1,04,200first year total
B. Tech. - All StreamsTuition · Total Fee Source2026-27₹1,50,000per year
BTech (Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence) Source2026-27₹1,61,000
Bachelor of Arts Source2026-27₹42,800
B. A. English Source2026-27₹50,000
B.A. Journalism & Mass Communication Source2026-27₹66,400
B.Sc. (Psychology) Source2026-27₹74,800
M.A. (English) Source2026-27₹44,400
M.A. (Psychology) Source2026-27₹57,600
B.A. B.Ed. and B.Sc. B.Ed. (Secondary Stage) under Itep Source2026-27₹45,800
B. Sc. (Hons.) - Agriculture Source2026-27₹86,000
M. Sc. - Agriculture Source2026-27₹1,07,400
B.A. B.Ed Source2026-27₹64,400
Master of Physical Education (M P Ed.) Source2026-27₹94,400
Post Graduate Diploma in Yoga Source2026-27₹39,800
BA. LL.B. (Hons.) Source2026-27₹1,04,800
BBA. LL.B. (Hons.) Source2026-27₹1,19,400
LL.M (Criminal and Security) Source2026-27₹1,16,400
Sciences Source2026-27₹70,600
M. Sc. (Hons.) - All Streams Source2026-27₹77,000
Master of Computer Applications Source2026-27₹1,20,600
B. Com Source2026-27₹78,600
B. Sc. - Economics Source2026-27₹63,400
BBA (Logistrics & Supply Chain Management) Source2026-27₹89,600
Master of Business Administration Source2026-27₹1,60,400
Master of Commerce Source2026-27₹72,800
Bachelor of Pharmacy Source2026-27₹1,47,400
Diploma in Pharmacy Source2026-27₹69,800
Bachelor of Medical Lab Technology Source2026-27₹1,04,200
MCA with Specialization in Sap Source2026-27₹83,500
B. Sc. - Economics Source2026-27₹22,500
BBA (Retail Management) Source2026-27₹32,000
BBA (Logistrics & Supply Chain Management)Logistics & Supply Chain Management Source2026-27₹34,500
Post Graduate Diploma in International Business Source2026-27₹28,500
B. Tech. - (Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence) Lateral Entry (ug)Total, first year · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 20000, 64200 and 76800; annual insurance Rs. 400 included. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,61,000first year total
Bachelor of Arts B. A. (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 15100 and 17700. Source2026-27Year 1₹42,800per year
B. A. English (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 18700 and 21300. Source2026-27Year 1₹50,000per year
B.A. Journalism & Mass Communication (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 26900 and 29500. Source2026-27Year 1₹66,400per year
B.Sc. (Psychology) (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 31100 and 33700. Source2026-27Year 1₹74,800per year
M.A. (English) (pg)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 15900 and 18500. Source2026-27Year 1₹44,400per year
M.A. (Psychology) (pg)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 22500 and 25100. Source2026-27Year 1₹57,600per year
Post Graduate Diploma in Guidance and Counseling (pg)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 16600 and 19200. Source2026-27Year 1₹45,800per year
B. Sc. (Hons.) - Agriculture (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 36700 and 39300. Source2026-27Year 1₹86,000per year
M. Sc. - Agriculture (pg)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 47400 and 50000. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,07,400per year
B.A. B.Ed. (integrated)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 25900 and 28500. Source2026-27Year 1₹64,400per year
B.Sc. B.Ed. (integrated)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 31100 and 33700. Source2026-27Year 1₹74,800per year
B. Sc. (Health and Physical Education) (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 26900 and 29500; uniform/sports kit up to Rs. 5000 provided free. Source2026-27Year 1₹66,400per year
Bachelor of Physical Education (B.P.Ed.) (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 31100 and 33700; uniform/sports kit up to Rs. 5000 provided free. Source2026-27Year 1₹74,800per year
Master of Physical Education (M.P.Ed.) (pg)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 40900 and 43500; uniform/sports kit up to Rs. 5000 provided free. Source2026-27Year 1₹94,400per year
Post Graduate Diploma in Yoga (pg)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 13600 and 16200. Source2026-27Year 1₹39,800per year
BA. LL.B. (Hons.) (integrated)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 46100 and 48700. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,04,800per year
BBA. LL.B. (Hons.) (integrated)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 53400 and 56000. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,19,400per year
L.L.M (Criminal and Security) (pg)Deposit · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 51900 and 54500. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,16,400per year
BSc. - Mathematics (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 29000 and 31600. Source2026-27Year 1₹70,600per year
B. Sc. - All Streams (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 31100 and 33700. Source2026-27Year 1₹74,800per year
B. Sc. (Food Science & Technology) (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 36700 and 39300. Source2026-27Year 1₹86,000per year
MSc. (Hons)- Mathematics (pg)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 31100 and 33700. Source2026-27Year 1₹74,800per year
M. Sc. (Hons.) - All Streams (pg)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 32200 and 34800. Source2026-27Year 1₹77,000per year
M. Sc. (Food Science & Technology) (pg)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 47400 and 50000. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,07,400per year
BSc Comp.Science (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 29000 and 31600. Source2026-27Year 1₹70,600per year
Bachelor of Computer Applications (ug)Registration · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 31100 and 33700. Source2026-27Year 1₹74,800per year
Master of Computer Applications (pg)Registration · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 54000 and 56600. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,20,600per year
MSc Computer Science (pg)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 32200 and 34800. Source2026-27Year 1₹77,000per year
Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications (pg)Registration · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 29000 and 31600. Source2026-27Year 1₹70,600per year
B. Com (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 33000 and 35600. Source2026-27Year 1₹78,600per year
Bachelor of Business Administration (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 33000 and 35600. Source2026-27Year 1₹78,600per year
B. Sc. - Economics (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 25400 and 28000. Source2026-27Year 1₹63,400per year
BBA (Logistrics & Supply Chain Management) (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 38500 and 41100. Source2026-27Year 1₹89,600per year
Master of Business Administration (pg)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 20000, 63900 and 76500. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,60,400per year
Master of Commerce (pg)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 30100 and 32700. Source2026-27Year 1₹72,800per year
Bachelor of Pharmacy (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 20000, 57400 and 70000. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,47,400per year
Diploma in Pharmacy (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 30350 and 29450. Source2026-27Year 1₹69,800per year
Bachelor of Medical Lab Technology (ug)Other charges · Total Fee · Unknown · Schedule prints three installments: 10000, 45800 and 48400. Source2026-27Year 1₹1,04,200per year
Engineering and Technology programmes Source2026-27₹1,50,000per year
Placements · 2024-25

DAV University placements

College-wide placements for 2023-24: a highest package of 10 LPA. The highest package reported in an earlier cycle was up to 17 LPA in 2022-23. Recruiters at this level include Amazon, Infosys, IBM, ITC, Reliance Jio, HP.

₹10L · 2023-24College-wide
30Graduating cohort

₹10L · College-wide · 2023-24

College-wide placements for 2023-24: a highest package of 10 LPA. The highest package reported in an earlier cycle was up to 17 LPA in 2022-23. Recruiters at this level include Amazon, Infosys, IBM, ITC, Reliance Jio, HP.

Year-on-year placement rate
· NIRF PG Program Year 274%
· College-wide45%
· NIRF GU Program Year 334%
· College-wide26%
· NIRF GU Program Year 524%
· College-wide81%
· College-wide78%
2022-2356%
2022-2334%
2022-2324%
2022-2356%
2023-2471%
2023-2474%
2023-2426%
2023-2481%
2023-2471%
2024-2567%
2024-2545%
2024-2578%
Recruiter network
AmazonInfosysIBMITCReliance JioHPBYJU'SSidelVirtusa PolarisHDFC BankAirtelSNL FinancialsLUMAXVIVORalson GroupSafran GroupAmeriprise FinancialBoseDecathlon SportsIndorama
Programmes · intake

Programmes & intake

Engineering and Technology programmes · Fam Engineering

Fam Engineering4 yr
₹1.5LAnnual · /yr
Engineering and Technology programmesFam Engineering2 yr
₹1.5LAnnual · /yr

Sciences

Fam Science3 yr

Agricultural and Food Science and Technology · Fam Agriculture

Fam Agriculture4 yr
Agricultural and Food Science and TechnologyFam Agriculture2 yr

Computer Science and Applications

3 yr

Commerce, Business Management and Economics · Fam Business Commerce

Fam Business Commerce3 yr
Commerce, Business Management and EconomicsFam Business Commerce2 yr

Humanities and Social Sciences · Fam humanities social sciences

3 yr

Humanities and Social Sciences · Fam humanities social sciences 2

1 yr

B.A. B.Ed. and B.Sc. B.Ed. (Secondary Stage) under Itep

Secondary Stage4 yr

Physical Education and Sports

Fam Physical Education3 yr

Journalism and Mass Communication

Fam Journalism3 yr

Languages and Literature

Fam Languages Literature3 yr

Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences · Fam pharmacy allied health

3 yr

Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences · Fam pharmacy allied health 2

2 yr

Doctoral programmes

Fam Doctoral

Recognition & affiliations

State-wise List of State (Private) Universities

Regulator
UGC PRIVATE LIST
1
Stated session
17.01.2024
1

The DAV University Act, 2012 (Punjab Act No. 14 of 2013)

Regulator
STATE UNIVERSITY ACT
1
Stated session
2012-13
1
Stated session
2026
123

NIRF record

Year
2025
1
Participated
Yes
1

Faculty & teaching

Faculty 1

Total
183
12
Student faculty ratio
approximately 16:1 mentor ratio
12

Prof. (Dr.) Manoj Kumar

12
Qualification
B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering; M.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering; Ph.D., Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar
12
Admissions · collected information

DAV University admissions

NCET counselling · Fam Education · All seats (entrance-examination rank)

NCET counselling · Fam Education · All seats (entrance-examination rank)

National Testing Agency · NCET

Seats are filled by National Testing Agency, selection is on entrance-examination rank for the 2026 cycle.

admission source

For the 2026-27 ITEP B.A. B.Ed. and B.Sc. B.Ed. admissions, candidates who appeared in the ITEP Entrance Examination and meet the prescribed criteria register online through the university form, entering their NCET roll number and score. The official form states that the last date for registration is July 25, 2026. For general admissions, the university directs candidates to its online application form and College And Fees counsellor; the reviewed pages do not state a single selection rule or general closing date. Admission source

From the sources

Hostel — sourced details

Reported value65 Source
MetricOther Source
Reported value10 Source
From the sources

Scholarships — sourced details

Caution deposit INR5000 Source
Fee year2026-27 Source
Fee authorityUniversity Source
Periodper year Source
ProgrammeB. Tech. - All Streams Source
ComponentTotal first year Source
Amount (INR)150000 Source
Programme codeFAM ENGINEERING Source
Year of study1 Source
Fee categoryTotal Fee Source
SpecialisationUG Source
Fee set byCollege Source
From the sources

Research — sourced details

DisciplineUniversity Source
Exam patternSemester Source
Teaching languageEnglish Source
Attendance min pct75 Source
Year2022 Source
Passed901 Source
Pass pct90.83 Source
Total183 Source
NameProf. (Dr.) Manoj Kumar Source
QualificationB.E. (Electronics & Communication Engineering), M.Tech. (Electronics & Communication Engineering), Ph.D. Source
PHD centreYes Source
Patents count8 Source
Same state

Other Colleges in Punjab

Admissions reading

Helpful guides for your admission

Planning your application to DAV University? These guides break down the fees, counselling rounds and quota routes step by step.

Reach the college

DAV University contact details

AddressJalandhar-Pathankot National Highway (NH-44), Village Sarmastpur, District Jalandhar, Punjab
Phone1800-1800-190
Emailregistrar@davuniversity.org
Websitehttps://davuniversity.org/
Office bearerRole
Prof. (Dr.) Manoj KumarHead of institution Source
From the sources

More details

Official nameDAV University Source
Institution typeState private university Source
Institution groupDayanand Anglo Vedic College Trust and Management Society, New Delhi
CityJalandhar Source
Trust or societyDayanand Anglo Vedic College Trust and Management Society, New Delhi
StatePunjab Source
Established2013 Source
Established2012
NameDAV University Source
Institution typeSelf-awarding Source
Affiliation statusSelf Source
Recognition code317 Source
Recognition code typeUGC list serial Source
RegulatorUGC PRIVATE LIST Source
RegulatorSTATE UNIVERSITY ACT Source
DisciplineUniversity Source
Catalogue completeNo Source
Programme codeFAM EDUCATION Source
BasisRank Source
SpecialisationIntegrated Source
Fee set byCollege Source
Exam nameNCET Source
Cycle year2026 Source
Exam familyNational exam Source
FAQ

DAV University FAQs

What are the fees at DAV University?
Published annual fees at DAV University range from ₹22,500 for B. Sc. - Economics under the published quota for 2026-27 to ₹1.61 lakh for B. Tech. - (Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence) Lateral Entry (UG) for 2026-27. Amounts are taken from the official fee sources listed on this page.
How can I get admission to DAV University?
Admission to DAV University is through the NCET route. Applications are submitted through the official portal at https://admission.davuniversity.org/index2023.aspx.
What is the average package at DAV University?
DAV University reports a highest package of 10 LPA for 2023-24. Recruiters at this level include Amazon, Infosys, IBM, ITC, Reliance Jio.
What courses does DAV University offer?
DAV University offers 12 programmes, including Engineering and Technology programmes, Sciences, Agricultural and Food Science and Technology, Computer Science and Applications, Commerce, Business Management and Economics, Humanities and Social Sciences and others.
Where is DAV University located?
DAV University is located at Jalandhar-Pathankot National Highway (NH-44), Village Sarmastpur, District Jalandhar, Punjab.
Is DAV University recognised and accredited?
DAV University is affiliated to DAV University.
Sources

Verification & sources

This page cites 20 source links. Each source is linked beside the facts it supports.

Last reviewed: 7 Sept 2026.

Reviewed by

Amrit Ashu

Lead Admission Counsellor. RV College of Engineering 2017 graduate, guiding students for admissions in Bangalore since 2017. Every figure on this page is checked against the official disclosures and sources linked beside it; admissions-office conversations are not used as citations.

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