Faculty of Technology and Engineering: 8 programmes (UG)
₹45,000Annual · /yr
Reviewed 7 Sept 2026Charotar University of Science and Technology · ChangaCharotar University of Science and Technology Fees 2026-27, Courses & Admission
Charotar University of Science and Technology is an university in Changa, Gujarat, established in 2009. Charotar University of Science and Technology is privately managed and self-financing. It is…
B.Sc Nursing (Management Quota) · Management quota
₹2L/year
Route: Stated for 2026-27
₹2L /yr
B.Sc Nursing (Management Quota) · Management quota · 2026-27
340
Reported intake
Overview
About Charotar University of Science and Technology
Charotar University of Science and Technology is an university in Changa, Gujarat, established in 2009. Charotar University of Science and Technology is privately managed and self-financing. It is affiliated to Charotar University of Science and Technology. Charotar University of Science and Technology offers 21 programmes, 8 at undergraduate level and 8 at postgraduate level. These include Faculty of Technology and Engineering: 8 programmes (UG), Faculty of Science: 1 programme family (UG), Faculty of Pharmacy: 1 programme family (UG), Faculty of Computer Science and Applications: 2 programme families (UG) and Faculty of Management Studies: 1 programme family (UG), among others. The stated sanctioned intake across these programmes totals 340 seats. CHARUSAT is listed by UGC as a State (Private) University in Gujarat, notification dated 07.07.2009, in the UGC consolidated list dated 17.01.2024. The university's official officers page identifies Dr. Atul M. Patel as Provost as of 2026-09-07. University-wide quantitative figures are older where noted: the latest retrieved annual report is 2022-23. The 2025-26 academic regulations reviewed are for Online BCA and support semester/CBCS evaluation; attendance minimum is taken from CHARUSAT's published examination eligibility guidance (75% overall and 70% in each course). No official university-wide 2026-27 faculty breakdown, clinical tie-up list, or industry-MoU list was located in the retrieved sources. Parent university/main campus, not a constituent institute. Established in July 2009 under Gujarat Private University Act No. 8 of 2009; empowered to confer degrees under Section 22 of the UGC Act, 1956. Sponsored by Shri Charotar Moti Sattavis Patidar Kelavani Mandal. The 2022-23 annual report is historical for counts and recognitions; no newer university-level numerical campus profile was verified for 2026-27. An older UGC/AISHE PDF result showed U-0122, but the later UGC source naming CHARUSAT identifies U-0128; U-0128 is retained. The annual report's 100 functional beds is a campus-reported teaching-facility figure, not student intake.
Courses & costs
Charotar University of Science and Technology fees
Each amount is shown with the academic year and applicant category stated by its source.
| Programme | Year | Amount |
|---|---|---|
| B.Tech (Computer Science & Engineering, Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning, Electronics & Communication)Tuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,72,000per year |
| B.Tech (Mechanical Engineering)Tuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,35,000per year |
| B.Tech (Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering)Tuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,10,000per year |
| M.Tech (All specialisations)Tuition · All specialisations Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,25,000per year |
| B.PharmTuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,80,000per year |
| M.Pharm (All specialisations)Tuition · All specialisations Source | 2026-27 | ₹2,20,000per year |
| B.Sc (Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry)Tuition · Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry Source | 2026-27 | ₹80,000per year |
| B.Sc (Chemistry, Physics)Tuition · Chemistry, Physics Source | 2026-27 | ₹50,000per year |
| M.Sc (Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry)Tuition · Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,00,000per year |
| M.Sc (Advanced Organic Chemistry)Tuition · Advanced Organic Chemistry Source | 2026-27 | ₹85,000per year |
| M.Sc (Physics)Tuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹50,000per year |
| M.Sc (Mathematics)Tuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹45,000per year |
| BCATuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹80,000per year |
| MCATuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,40,000per year |
| BBATuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,20,000per year |
| MBATuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,63,000per year |
| MBA (International Business)Tuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,45,000per year |
| MPTTuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹2,50,000per year |
| BA English (Hons)Tuition Source | 2026-27 | ₹40,000per year |
| B.Sc IT Source | 2026-27 | ₹75,000 |
| GNM Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,30,000 |
| Post Basic B.Sc Nursing Source | 2026-27 | ₹89,000 |
| Bmrit Source | 2026-27 | ₹65,000 |
| Bmls Source | 2026-27 | ₹55,000 |
| M.Sc Nursing Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,70,000 |
| Blis Source | 2026-27 | ₹30,000 |
| B.Tech (Computer Science & Engineering, Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning, Electronics & Communication)Tuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,72,000per year |
| B.Tech (Mechanical Engineering)Tuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,35,000per year |
| B.Tech (Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering)Tuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,10,000per year |
| M.Tech (All specialisations)Tuition · All · All specialisations Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,25,000per year |
| B.PharmTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,80,000per year |
| M.Pharm (All specialisations)Tuition · All · All specialisations Source | 2026-27 | ₹2,20,000per year |
| B.Sc (Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry)Tuition · All · Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry Source | 2026-27 | ₹80,000per year |
| B.Sc (Chemistry, Physics)Tuition · All · Chemistry, Physics Source | 2026-27 | ₹50,000per year |
| M.Sc (Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry)Tuition · All · Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,00,000per year |
| M.Sc (Advanced Organic Chemistry)Tuition · All · Advanced Organic Chemistry Source | 2026-27 | ₹85,000per year |
| M.Sc (Physics)Tuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹50,000per year |
| M.Sc (Mathematics)Tuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹45,000per year |
| BCATuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹80,000per year |
| B.Sc ITTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹75,000per year |
| MCATuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,40,000per year |
| M.Sc ITTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,00,000per year |
| BBATuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,20,000per year |
| MBATuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,63,000per year |
| MBA (International Business)Tuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,45,000per year |
| GNMTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,30,000per year |
| Post Basic B.Sc NursingTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹89,000per year |
| BMRITTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹65,000per year |
| BMLSTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹55,000per year |
| BAOTTTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹65,000per year |
| TuitionTuition · All · per year Source | 2026-27 | ₹72,000per year |
| MPTTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹2,50,000per year |
| M.Sc NursingTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,70,000per year |
| TuitionTuition · All · per year Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,00,000per year |
| TuitionTuition · All · per year Source | 2026-27 | ₹85,000per year |
| BA English (Hons)Tuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹40,000per year |
| BLISTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹30,000per year |
| M.A EnglishTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹50,000per year |
| MLISTuition · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹40,000per year |
| Programme | Year | Amount |
|---|---|---|
| BCATuition · Fees (general schedule) · per year Source | 2026-27 | ₹75,000per year |
| BCATuition · Fees (general schedule) · per year Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,00,000per year |
| Faculty of Nursing: 1 programme family (PG)Tuition · SQ Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,59,000per year |
| Faculty of Nursing: 1 programme family (PG)Tuition · MQ Source | 2026-27 | ₹2,00,000per year |
| Faculty of Nursing: 1 programme family (PG)Tuition · Fees (general schedule) · per year Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,30,000per year |
| Faculty of Nursing: 1 programme family (PG)Tuition · Fees (general schedule) · per year Source | 2026-27 | ₹89,000per year |
| BPT (State Quota)Tuition · Fees (general schedule) · per year Source | 2026-27 | ₹65,000per year |
| BPT (State Quota)Tuition · Listed in the cited fee schedule. Current programme availability and admissions status have not been independently confirmed. Source | 2026-27 | ₹55,000per year |
| BPT (State Quota)Tuition · Fees (general schedule) · per year Source | 2026-27 | ₹72,000per year |
| Faculty of Nursing: 1 programme family (PG)Tuition · Fees (general schedule) · per year Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,70,000per year |
| BPT (State Quota)Tuition · Fees (general schedule) · per year Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,00,000per year |
| BPT (State Quota)Tuition · Fees (general schedule) · per year Source | 2026-27 | ₹85,000per year |
| BA English (Hons)Tuition · Listed in the cited fee schedule. Current programme availability and admissions status have not been independently confirmed. Source | 2026-27 | ₹30,000per year |
| BA English (Hons)Tuition · Fees (general schedule) Source | 2026-27 | ₹50,000per year |
| PGD in Environmental AuditingTuition · Diploma programmes · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹25,000per year |
| Clinical HypnosisTuition · Diploma programmes · All Source | 2026-27 | ₹60,000per year |
| M.Tech Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,25,000 |
| M.Pharm Source | 2026-27 | ₹2,20,000 |
| Faculty of Nursing: 1 programme family (PG) Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,59,000 |
| B.Sc Nursing (Management Quota) Source | 2026-27 | ₹2,00,000 |
| B Optometry Source | 2026-27 | ₹72,000 |
| Clinical Hypnosis Source | 2026-27 | ₹60,000 |
| Faculty of Technology and Engineering: 8 programmes (UG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Undergraduate Programmes (B.Tech.) Source | 2026-27 | ₹45,000per year |
| Faculty of Science: 1 programme family (UG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Undergraduate Programmes Source | 2026-27 | ₹45,000per year |
| Faculty of Pharmacy: 1 programme family (UG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Undergraduate Programmes (B.Pharm.) Source | 2026-27 | ₹1,80,000per year |
| Faculty of Computer Science and Applications: 2 programme families (UG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Undergraduate Programmes Source | 2026-27 | ₹45,000per year |
| Faculty of Management Studies: 1 programme family (UG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Undergraduate Programmes Source | 2026-27 | ₹45,000per year |
| Faculty of Nursing: 3 programme families (UG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Faculty of Medical Sciences UG programmes Source | 2026-27 | ₹89,000per year |
| Faculty of Medical Sciences: 5 programme families (UG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Faculty of Medical Sciences UG programmes Source | 2026-27 | ₹45,000per year |
| Faculty of Humanities: 2 programme families (UG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Faculty of Humanities UG programmes Source | 2026-27 | ₹45,000per year |
| Faculty of Technology and Engineering: 1 programme family (PG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Postgraduate Programmes (M.Tech.) Source | 2026-27 | ₹25,000per year |
| Faculty of Pharmacy: 1 programme family (PG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Postgraduate Programmes (M.Pharm.) Source | 2026-27 | ₹25,000per year |
| Faculty of Science: 1 programme family (PG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Postgraduate Programmes (M.Sc.) Source | 2026-27 | ₹25,000per year |
| Faculty of Computer Science and Applications: 2 programme families (PG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Postgraduate Programmes Source | 2026-27 | ₹25,000per year |
| Faculty of Management Studies: 1 programme family (PG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Postgraduate Programmes Source | 2026-27 | ₹25,000per year |
| Faculty of Nursing: 1 programme family (PG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Postgraduate Programmes Source | 2026-27 | ₹25,000per year |
| Faculty of Medical Sciences: 4 programme families (PG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Postgraduate Programmes Source | 2026-27 | ₹25,000per year |
| Faculty of Humanities: 2 programme families (PG)Admission booklet 2026-27: Postgraduate Programmes Source | 2026-27 | ₹25,000per year |
| B.Tech (Computer Science & Engineering, Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning, Electronics & Communication)Listed in the cited fee schedule. Current programme availability and admissions status have not been independently confirmed. Source | ₹1,10,000per year | |
| BCAListed in the cited fee schedule. Current programme availability and admissions status have not been independently confirmed. Source | ₹50,000per year | |
| BBAListed in the cited fee schedule. Current programme availability and admissions status have not been independently confirmed. Source | ₹50,000per year |
| Programme | Year | Amount |
|---|---|---|
| B.Tech (Computer Engineering) Source | 2026-27 | ₹4,05,000 |
| B.Tech (Information Technology) Source | 2026-27 | ₹3,60,000 |
| B.Tech (Computer Science & Engineering)Tuition · Non state · NRI/NRI-sponsored quota; B.Tech Computer Science & Engineering Source | 2026-27 | ₹4,50,000per year |
| B.Tech (Computer Engineering)Tuition · Non state · NRI/NRI-sponsored quota; B.Tech Computer Engineering Source | 2026-27 | ₹4,05,000per year |
| B.Tech (Information Technology)Tuition · Non state · NRI/NRI-sponsored quota; B.Tech Information Technology Source | 2026-27 | ₹3,60,000per year |
| B.Tech (Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning)Tuition · Non state · NRI/NRI-sponsored quota; B.Tech Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Source | 2026-27 | ₹3,60,000per year |
| B.Tech (Electronics & Communication)Tuition · Non state · NRI/NRI-sponsored quota; B.Tech Electronics & Communication Source | 2026-27 | ₹3,60,000per year |
Placements
Charotar University of Science and Technology placements
Charotar University of Science and Technology placements: recruiter network includes Amazon, TCS, Meditab, Thomson Reuters, Crest Data Systems, Sophos.
Recruiter network
AmazonTCSMeditabThomson ReutersCrest Data SystemsSophosJeavioAdaniTorrent PowerNirmaPolycabEinfochipsSankalp SemiconductorVolansysEvosysVVDNSanmarBosch RexrothBerger PaintsAsian Paints
Campus
7 photosCharotar University of Science and Technology gallery
Tap any photo to view it full screen. Source images retain the institution and campus identified in their captions.
Programmes · intake
Programmes & intake
Faculty of Science: 1 programme family (UG)
₹45,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Pharmacy: 1 programme family (UG)
100reported intake
₹1.8LAnnual · /yr
Faculty of Computer Science and Applications: 2 programme families (UG)
₹45,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Management Studies: 1 programme family (UG)
240reported intake
₹45,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Nursing: 3 programme families (UG)
₹89,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Medical Sciences: 5 programme families (UG)
₹45,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Humanities: 2 programme families (UG)
₹45,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Technology and Engineering: 1 programme family (PG)
₹25,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Pharmacy: 1 programme family (PG)
₹25,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Science: 1 programme family (PG)
₹25,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Computer Science and Applications: 2 programme families (PG)
₹25,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Management Studies: 1 programme family (PG)
₹25,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Nursing: 1 programme family (PG)
₹25,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Medical Sciences: 4 programme families (PG)
₹25,000Annual · /yr
Faculty of Humanities: 2 programme families (PG)
₹25,000Annual · /yr
B.Tech (Computer Science & Engineering, Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning, Electronics & Communication)
₹1.1LAnnual · /yr
BCA
₹50,000Annual · /yr
BBA
₹50,000Annual · /yr
BPT (State Quota)
₹55,000Annual · /yr
BA English (Hons)
₹30,000Annual · /yr
Recognition & affiliations
Faculty & teaching
Admissions · collected information
Charotar University of Science and Technology admissions
GATE/PGCET counselling · Fam Engg PG · All seats (entrance-examination rank)GUJCET/JEE/Others counselling · Fam Engg UG · All seats (entrance-examination rank)GUJCET/NEET counselling · Fam Pharmacy · All seats (entrance-examination rank)GPAT/PGCET counselling · Fam Pharmacy · All seats (entrance-examination rank)Direct application to the college · Fam Science · All seats (merit in the qualifying examination)Direct application to the college · Fam MCA · All seats (merit in the qualifying examination)CMAT counselling · Fam MCA · All seats (entrance-examination rank)Direct application to the college · Fam Mgmt · All seats (merit in the qualifying examination)CMAT counselling · Fam Mgmt · All seats (entrance-examination rank)Direct application to the college · Fam Nursing · All seats (merit in the qualifying examination)Direct application to the college · Fam Allied · All seats (merit in the qualifying examination)University Entrance Test counselling · Fam Allied · All seats (interview)Direct application to the college · Fam Arts · All seats (merit in the qualifying examination)
GATE/PGCET counselling · Fam Engg PG · All seats (entrance-examination rank)
Seats are filled by CHARUSAT, selection is on entrance-examination rank for the 2026 cycle.
admission sourceGUJCET/JEE/Others counselling · Fam Engg UG · All seats (entrance-examination rank)
Seats are filled by CHARUSAT / ACPC norms, selection is on entrance-examination rank for the 2026 cycle.
admission sourceGUJCET/NEET counselling · Fam Pharmacy · All seats (entrance-examination rank)
Seats are filled by CHARUSAT, selection is on entrance-examination rank for the 2026 cycle.
admission sourceGPAT/PGCET counselling · Fam Pharmacy · All seats (entrance-examination rank)
Seats are filled by CHARUSAT, selection is on entrance-examination rank for the 2026 cycle.
admission sourceFrom the sources
Scholarships — sourced details
| Fee category | All Source |
|---|---|
| Period | per year Source |
| Fee year | 2026-27 Source |
| Component | Tuition annual Source |
| Fee set by | College Source |
| Amount (INR) | 172000 Source |
| Is estimate | No Source |
| Fee category | Fees (general schedule) Source |
| Fee authority | University Source |
| Year of study | All years Source |
| Programme code | FAM ENGINEERING Source |
| Student category | All Source |
From the sources
Research — sourced details
| Year | 2023 Source |
|---|---|
| Ranks or golds | 45 gold medals instituted/reported by CHARUSAT. Source |
| Year | 2022 Source |
| Ranks or golds | 41 gold medals awarded at the 11th Convocation. Source |
| Discipline | University Source |
| Exam pattern | Credit semester Source |
| Teaching language | English Source |
| Attendance min pct | 75 Source |
Same state
Other Colleges in Gujarat
Admissions reading
Helpful guides for your admission
Planning your application to Charotar University of Science and Technology? These guides break down the fees, counselling rounds and quota routes step by step.
Reach the college
Charotar University of Science and Technology contact details
| Address | Education Campus, Changa – 388 421, District Anand, Gujarat |
|---|---|
| info@charusat.ac.in | |
| Website | https://charusat.ac.in/ |
| Office bearer | Role |
|---|---|
| Dr. Atul M. Patel | Head of institution Source |
From the sources
More details
| Official name | Charotar University of Science and Technology Source |
|---|---|
| Institution type | State private university Source |
| Established | 2009 Source |
| Name | Chandubhai S Patel Institute of Technology (CSPIT) Source |
| Institution type | Constituent college Source |
| Same campus | Yes Source |
| Name | Smt. Chandaben Mohanbhai Patel Institute of Computer Applications (CMPICA) Source |
| Name | Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy (RPCP) Source |
| Institution type | Pharmacy college Source |
| Name | Indukaka Ipcowala Institute of Management (I2IM) Source |
| Institution type | Management school Source |
| Name | P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences (PDPIAS) Source |
| Name | Manikaka Topawala Institute of Nursing (MTIN) Source |
| Institution type | Nursing college Source |
| Name | Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy (ARIP) Source |
| Institution type | Physiotherapy college Source |
| Name | B D Patel Institute of Paramedical Science (BDIPS) Source |
| Institution type | Paramedical institute Source |
| Name | Dr. K C Patel Research and Development Centre (KRADLE) Source |
| Institution type | Other Source |
| Recognition code type | AISHE Source |
| Recognition code | U-0128 Source |
| Recognition code type | UGC list serial Source |
| Recognition code | 54 Source |
FAQ
Charotar University of Science and Technology FAQs
What are the fees at Charotar University of Science and Technology?
Published annual fees at Charotar University of Science and Technology range from ₹25,000 for PGD in Environmental Auditing for 2026-27 to ₹4.5 lakh for B.Tech (Computer Science & Engineering) under the NRI quota for 2026-27. Amounts are taken from the official fee sources listed on this page.
What courses does Charotar University of Science and Technology offer?
Charotar University of Science and Technology offers 21 programmes, including Faculty of Technology and Engineering: 8 programmes (UG), Faculty of Science: 1 programme family (UG), Faculty of Pharmacy: 1 programme family (UG), Faculty of Computer Science and Applications: 2 programme families (UG), Faculty of Management Studies: 1 programme family (UG), Faculty of Nursing: 3 programme families (UG) and others.
Where is Charotar University of Science and Technology located?
Charotar University of Science and Technology is located at Education Campus, Changa – 388 421, District Anand, Gujarat.
Is Charotar University of Science and Technology recognised and accredited?
Charotar University of Science and Technology is affiliated to Charotar University of Science and Technology.
Sources
Verification & sources
This page cites 20 source links. Each source is linked beside the facts it supports.
- charusat.ac.in — CHARUSAT About
- ugc.gov.in · pdf — UGC State Private Universities list
- charusat.ac.in · pdf — CHARUSAT 14th Annual Report 2022-23
- ugc.gov.in · pdf — UGC SAARTHI list naming CHARUSAT and AISHE code
- charusat.ac.in · pdf — CHARUSAT Admission Counselling Booklet 2026-27
- charusat.ac.in — CHARUSAT current programme catalogue
- admission.charusat.ac.in — CHARUSAT official admissions portal
- admission.charusat.ac.in — CHARUSAT registration portal
- charusat.ac.in · pdf — Fee Refund Policy for the Academic Year 2026-27
- charusat.ac.in — CHARUSAT Scholarships
- nirfindia.org — NIRF 2025 Overall institution list
- ugc.gov.in · pdf — UGC State-wise List of State (Private) Universities as on 17.01.2024
- charusat.ac.in — CHARUSAT Career Development and Placement Cell
- charusat.ac.in · pdf — CHARUSAT 13th Annual Report 2021-22
- charusat.ac.in — CHARUSAT University Officers
- charusat.ac.in — CHARUSAT IPR Portfolio
- charusat.ac.in · pdf — CHARUSAT MCA Student Handbook
- online.charusat.ac.in · pdf — CHARUSAT Online BCA Syllabus 2025-26
- ugc.gov.in — regulator
- ugc.gov.in — regulator
Reviewed by
Amrit Ashu
Lead Admission Counsellor. RV College of Engineering 2017 graduate, guiding students for admissions in Bangalore since 2017. Every figure on this page is checked against the official disclosures and sources linked beside it; admissions-office conversations are not used as citations.